Optical transmission systems including optical amplifiers and methods of use therein

ABSTRACT

Optical transmission systems including a plurality of optical amplifiers configured to provide optical amplification of one or more information carrying optical signal wavelengths. At least two of the optical amplifiers are operated to provide net losses or net gains along corresponding spans, while the cumulative gain provided by the plurality of optical amplifiers substantially compensates for the cumulative loss of the spans.

This application is a continuation in part and claims priority from andthe benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/216,114 filed Jul. 6,2000, which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed generally to optical systems. Moreparticularly, the invention is directed toward optical transmissionsystems including amplifying devices, such as optical amplifiers.

The continued growth in traditional communications systems and theemergence of the Internet as a means for accessing data has accelerateddemand for high capacity communications networks. Telecommunicationsservice providers, in particular, have looked to wavelength divisionmultiplexing (WDM) to increase the capacity of transmission systems tomeet the increasing capacity demands placed on their networkinfrastructure.

In WDM transmission systems, pluralities of distinct information signalsare carried using electromagnetic waves having different wavelengths inthe optical spectrum, typically using infrared wavelengths. Eachinformation carrying wavelength can include multiple data streams thatare time division multiplexed (“TDM”) together into a TDM data stream ora single data stream.

The pluralities of information carrying wavelengths are combined into a“WDM” optical signal that is transmitted in a single waveguide. In thismanner, WDM systems can increase the transmission capacity of thenetwork compared to space division multiplexed (“SDM”), i.e., singlechannel, systems by a factor equal to the number of wavelengths used inthe WDM system.

Optical WDM systems were not initially deployed, in part, because of thehigh cost of electrical signal regeneration/amplification equipmentrequired to compensate for signal attenuation for each opticalwavelength throughout the system. However, the development of the erbiumdoped fiber amplifier (EDFA) provided a cost effective means to amplifyoptically multiple optical signal wavelengths in the 1550 nm range. Inaddition, the 1550 nm signal wavelength range coincides with a low losstransmission window in silica based optical fibers, which allowed EDFAsto be spaced further apart than conventional electricalrepeaters/regenerators.

Optical amplifiers are deployed periodically, e.g., 40-120 km,throughout the optical system to compensate for attenuation that incursin a span of optical fiber preceding the amplifier. The amplifiers areoperated so that the gain provided by the optical amplifier compensates,or substantially compensates, for the loss in each span. As a result, nonet loss or gain of signal power occurs in each span, i.e. AmplifierGain≅Span Loss, which is referred to as transparent operation.

The use of EDFAs essentially eliminated the need for, and the associatedcosts of, electrical signal repeater/regeneration equipment tocompensate for signal attenuation in many systems. The dramaticreduction in the number of electrical regenerators in the systems, madethe installation of WDM systems in the remaining electrical regeneratorsa cost effective means to increase optical network capacity.

WDM systems have quickly expanded to fill the limited amplifierbandwidth of EDFAs. New erbium-based fiber amplifiers (L-band) have beendeveloped to expand the bandwidth of erbium-based optical amplifiers.Also, new transmission fiber designs are being developed to provide forlower loss transmission in the 1400-1500 nm and 1600-1700 nm ranges toprovide additional capacity for future systems.

In addition, Raman fiber amplifiers (“RFA”) have been investigated foryears and are now being commercially deployed and operated in a network.RFAs offer the potential to exploit a substantial portion of the opticalwaveguide transmission capacity

While optical amplifiers have provided significant benefits byeliminating the need for numerous electrical regenerators, opticalamplifiers do have a shortcomings. For example, optical amplifiers oftendo not provide uniform amplification, or gain, profile over the signalwavelength range. As such, optical amplifiers often will be deployed incombination with gain flattening filters, which provide wavelengthspecific filtering to produce a more uniform bring about more uniformgain.

In addition, the gain profile of the optical amplifier can varydepending upon the amount of gain, or gain, being provided by theamplifier. In operating system, the amplifier gain is set to compensatesignal power attenuation that occurs in a fiber span preceding theamplifier. The attenuation in each span, i.e., the span loss, generallyvaries from span to span in a system; therefore, the optical amplifiershave to be operated at different gains corresponding to the span loss.However, operation at different gain can introduce gain profilevariations that result in signal power variations, which can degradesystem performance.

While it is possible to design gain flattening filters and amplifiersfor specific span losses, individualized amplifier and filter designsgenerally are not feasible from a commercial standpoint. As such,amplifiers generally are designed for a nominal gain and gain flatteningfilters are designed based on that nominal gain. When the amplifiers andfilters are deployed in the system, operation of the amplifiers at gainsother than the nominal gain will introduce signal power variations intothe system.

Alternative designs have been proposed, in which the amplifiers areoperated at the designed nominal gain and a variable attenuator isprovided proximate the amplifier to introduce additional attenuationinto the span. The variable attenuator is controlled, such that thevariable attenuator loss plus the span loss is equal to the nominal gainof the amplifier.

The variable attenuator configurations allow the operation of opticalamplifiers at designed gains allowing for more uniform gain profiles.However, the introduction of excess gain balanced by excess attenuationintroduces additional noise into the system that also degrades systemperformance. In addition, these alternative designs require that theamplifier be designed to provide high gain that can be attenuated toaccommodate various span loss, which can increase overall amplifier andsystem costs.

The development of higher performance, lower cost communication systemsdepends upon the continued development of higher performance componentsand subsystems for use in the system. It is, therefore, essential thatoptical systems and optical amplifiers be developed having increasedperformance capabilities to meet the requirements of next generationoptical systems.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The apparatuses and methods of the present invention address the aboveneed for improved optical transmission systems and optical amplifiers.Optical transmission systems of the present invention include aplurality of optical amplifiers configured to provide sufficientcumulative signal amplification, or gain, to compensate for cumulativesignal attenuation, or loss, in the system. The gain of each individualamplifier is not adjusted to compensate for the loss in a particularspan associated with the amplifier. As such, various spans will operatewith a net loss or a net gain depending upon whether the amplifierprovides more or less gain than the attenuation in the span. Instead,two or more of the amplifiers are operated to provide gain, such thatthe cumulative gain over those amplifiers compensates for the cumulativeloss in those spans. In other words, unlike prior systems, each span inthe present invention is not operated transparently, but the cumulativespan is transparent.

By allowing net gain and net loss variations, while maintainingcumulative transparency, over a plurality of spans, the system can beoperated using optical amplifiers that provide different levels ofperformance, such as noise figure, gain margin, and spectral gainprofile, etc. that can be tailored to achieve a desired networkperformance level. For example, high gain, high noise figure amplifierscan be replaced by lower gain, lower noise figure amplifiers, which canimprove the performance of the system. Net losses incurred in spans, inwhich lower gain amplifiers were deployed can be offset by operating oneor more of the other amplifiers to provide a net gain.

In various embodiments, optical processing nodes, such as transmitand/or receive terminals and optical switching and add/drop devices, areinterconnected by a plurality of optical amplifiers to form an opticallink between the nodes. The optical link can be operated transparently,while two or more of the optical amplifiers in the optical link areoperated to produce net gains and losses in the respective spans.

In operation, the cumulative net gain or loss can be established andmonitored, if necessary, such that the cumulative net gain or loss isconstrained between a maximum net gain and a maximum net loss range. Thecumulative range constraints can be used to prevent the signal channelpowers from becoming too high or too low along any span duringtransmission, while cumulative transparency is maintained at the end ofthe spans. In general, the performance gain achievable by operatingindividual amplifiers at net gain and net loss is weighed against thepenalty associated with operating the spans with higher or lower signalpower than is required to operate transparently.

In addition, the present invention can be used to ameliorate the effectsof amplifier failures in the system. For example, the failure of one ormore pump sources providing energy to optical amplifying media canresult in degraded performance of the amplifier and overall net loss forthe span or spans in which the failures occur. In the present invention,the non-failed amplifiers can provide additional redundancy to offsetthe failure by being configured to operate the corresponding spans at anet gain, and, thereby maintain cumulative transparency over pluralspans and/or the link.

The present invention can be embodied using one amplifier type orvarious combinations of amplifier types. For example, various lumpedand/or distributed doped and/or non-linear fiber amplifiers, such aserbium and Raman amplifiers, that can be locally and/or remotelysupplied with optical power can be used, as well as other amplifiertypes. The amplifiers can be deployed in serial and/or parallel stagesand in combinations of filters, attenuators, isolators, dispersioncompensating devices, and other signal varying devices, as well asvarious optical processing devices, disposed between amplifier stagesand before and/or after the amplifier. The amplifiers can be locallyand/or remotely controlled depending upon the system configuration.

The present invention addresses the limitations of the prior art byproviding amplifiers and systems that provide increased control andflexibility necessary for higher performance, lower cost opticaltransmission systems. These advantages and others will become apparentfrom the following detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way ofexample only, with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings forthe purpose of illustrating present embodiments only and not forpurposes of limiting the same:

FIGS. 1 and 2 show optical system embodiments;

FIGS. 3 and 4 show exemplary optical amplifier embodiments; and,

FIGS. 5 a-6 show exemplary depictions of signal power variations along aplurality of spans.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Optical systems 10 of the present invention include optical amplifiers12 disposed along an optical path 14 to optically amplify opticalsignals passing through an optical link 15 between optical processingnodes 16. One or more transmitters 18 can be included in the nodes 16and configured to transmit information via the optical signals in one ormore information carrying signal wavelengths, or signal channels, λ_(si)to one or more optical receivers 20 in other nodes 16. The opticalsystem 10 can be configured in multi-dimensional networks (FIG. 1) or inone or more serially connected point to point links 15 (FIG. 2), whichcan be controlled by a network management system 22.

In various network embodiments, such as in FIG. 1, a signal channelλ_(si) can travel multiple paths, e.g., 14 ₁ and 14 ₂, between anorigination node 16 _(o) and a destination node 16 _(d). The signalchannel also may have to traverse one or more intermediate nodes 16 _(i)between the origination node 16 _(o) and the destination node 16 _(d).

The optical processing nodes 16 may also include one or more otheroptical processing devices, for example, integrated optical switchingdevices 24, such as optical add/drop multiplexers andswitches/routers/cross-connects. For example, broadcast and/orwavelength reusable, add/drop devices, and optical cross connectswitches and routers can be configured via the network management system22 in various topologies, i.e., rings, mesh, etc. to provide a desirednetwork connectivity.

The deployment of integrated switching devices 24 in intermediate nodes16 _(i) can provide all-optical interconnections between thetransmitters 18 and receivers 20 in the origination node 16 _(o) and thedestination node 16 _(d), respectively. In this manner, the use ofintegrated switching device 24 in the system 10 provides for a distanceindependent all-optical network, sub-network, or nodal connection.

The optical amplifiers 12 and optical processing nodes 16 are referredto generally as network elements. The optical path 14 extending betweensuccessive network elements in the system 10 is referred to as a span.Whereas, the optical link 15 extends between successive nodes 16 andwill include one or spans depending upon the configuration of the system10. For example, FIG. 2 shows a point to point optical link 15 includingspans 1 through n.

The transmission media can include various guided and unguided media,and is typically optical fiber 14. Currently, the most commonly usedoptical fiber 14 in optical transmission systems is a single mode fiber,although multiple mode fibers can be used in various applications. Theoptical fibers 14 can have various dispersion and non-linear propertiesthat affect the transmission properties of the system 10. One or moreoptical fibers 14 can be disposed to provide multiple optical links 15between nodes 16 along a common optical path. In addition, each fibercan carry uni- or bi-directionally propagating optical signals dependingupon the system 10 configuration.

The optical transmitters 18 and optical receivers 20 are configuredrespectively to transmit and receive optical signals including one ormore information carrying optical signal wavelengths, or signalchannels, λ_(si). In the present description, the term “information”should be broadly construed to include any type of information that canbe optically transmitted including voice, video, data, instructions,etc.

The transmitters 18 used in the system 10 generally will include anarrow bandwidth laser optical source, such as a DFB laser, thatprovides an optical carrier. The transmitters 18 also can include othercoherent narrow or broad band sources, such as sliced spectrum or fiberlaser sources, as well as suitable incoherent optical sources asappropriate. Information can be imparted to the optical carrier eitherby directly modulating the optical source or by externally modulatingthe optical carrier emitted by the source. Alternatively, theinformation can be imparted to an electrical carrier that can beupconverted onto an optical wavelength to produce the optical signal.The information can be amplitude, frequency, and/or phase modulatedusing various formats, such as return to zero (“RZ”), non-return to zero(“NRZ”), differential phase shift keying (“DPSK”), etc., encodingtechniques, such as forward error correction (“FEC”), etc., andtransmission protocols, such as SONET/SDH, IP, ATM, Ethernet, FiberChannel, etc.

The optical receiver 22 used in the present invention can includevarious detection techniques, such as coherent detection, opticalfiltering and direct detection, and combinations thereof. The receivers22 can be deployed in modules that have incorporated wavelengthselective filters to filter a specific channel from a WDM signal orchannel filtering can be performed outside of the receiver module. Itwill be appreciated that the detection techniques employed in thereceiver 22 will depend, in part, on the modulation format used in thetransmitter 20. Also, various transmission formats and protocols can beused within a WDM system, as well as in each serial WDM or SDM link oftransmitters 18 and receivers 20.

Generally speaking, N transmitters 18 can be used to transmit Mdifferent signal wavelengths to J different receivers 20. Also, tunabletransmitters 18 and receivers 20 can be employed in the optical nodes 16in a network, such as in FIG. 1. Tunable transmitters 18 and receivers20 allow system operators and network architects to change the signalwavelengths being transmitted and received in the system 10 to meettheir network requirements. In addition, the transmitters 18 andreceivers 20 can employ various feedback loops to control thetransmission characteristics of the signals and configuration of thesystem 10.

The transmitters 18 and receivers 20 also can include various componentsto perform other signal processing, such as reshaping, retiming, errorcorrection, differential encoding, regeneration, dispersion anddistortion compensation, etc. For example, receivers 20 can be connectedto the transmitters 18 in back to back configuration as a regenerator,as shown in FIG. 2. The regenerator can be deployed as a 1R, 2R, or 3Rregenerator, depending upon whether it serves as a repeater (reshape), aremodulator (reshape & retime), or a full regenerator (reshape, retime,regenerate), respectively.

In a WDM system, the transmitters 18 and receivers 20 can be operated ina uniform manner or the transmission and reception characteristics ofthe signal channels can be tailored individually and/or in groups. Forexample, pre-emphasis, optical and/or electrical pre- andpost-dispersion and distortion compensation can be performed on eachchannel or groups of channels.

In FIG. 2, it will be appreciated that the transmitters 18 and receivers20 can be used in WDM and single channel systems, as well as to provideshort, intermediate, and/or long reach optical interfaces between othernetwork equipment and systems. For example, transmitters 18 andreceivers 20 deployed in a WDM system can be included on a module thatalso includes standardized interface receivers and transmitters,respectively, to provide communication with interfacial devices 25, aswell as other transmission and processing systems.

Interfacial devices 25, such as electrical and optical cross-connectswitches, IP routers, ATM switches SONET ADMs, etc., can be used toprovide various signal processing and cross-connect functions at networkinterfaces. The network interfaces occur at the intersection point topoint links and/or networks. When the interfacial devices interconnectpoint to point links, the network interfaces are in the core of anopaque network as shown in FIG. 2. Whereas, the interfacial devices 25connect to the periphery of, or edge, of a network, such asmetropolitan, access, regional, national, and/or multidimensionalall-optical networks, as shown in FIG. 1.

The interfacial devices 25 can be configured to receive, convert,aggregate, groom, and provide information via signaling or otherwise inone or more various protocols, encoding schemes, and bit rates to thetransmitters 18, and perform the converse function for the receivers 20.For example, interfacial devices 25 that perform electrical processing,such as electrical cross connect switches, IP routers, etc., could beused to aggregate STS-1 traffic up to OC-48 through OC-768 or OC-768traffic could be dissembled and groomed at lower bit rates.

Interfacial devices 25 with optical switching provide an automated patchpanel function interconnecting link and network interfaces to provideflexibility in wavelength and path assignment for signal channelstraversing the interface. It will be appreciated that any signal can beassigned different WDM wavelengths at an interface, which is sometimesreferred to as wavelength conversion or grooming. Similarly, protectionand restoration switching at the interface does not require that thesame WDM wavelength be used on each side of the interface or path.

The interfacial devices 25 can have electrical input/output interfacethat can be connected to other networks or interfacial devices 25. Inaddition, the interfacial devices 25 can include optical input/outputports, such as integrated WDM transmitters 18 and receivers 20 and/orshort, intermediate, and/or long reach optical interfaces, typicallyoperating in the 1300 nm or 1550 nm range.

The interfacial devices 25 also can be used to provide protection andrestoration switching in various nodes 16 depending upon theconfiguration. Linear and mesh protection restoration schemes can beimplemented using the interfacial devices 25. For example, variousprotection schemes, such as 2&4 fiber BLSR, UPSR, 1+M, M:N, etc. can beused alone or in combination with various partial and full meshrestoration schemes.

Various types of optical switching devices 24, both optical switches andOADMs, can be integrated into the network to provide all-opticalnetworking functionality at the nodes 16 and the deployment of distanceindependent networks. The switching devices 24 allow for integratedoptical switching, adding, dropping, and/or termination of signalchannels from multiple paths 14 entirely in the optical domain withoutthe need for receivers 20 and transmitters 18 to perform electricalconversions, as required when using interfacial devices 25 to performthese functions. As such, signal channels can optically pass throughintermediate nodes 16 _(i) between the origin nodes 16 _(o) anddestination nodes 16 _(d) channels, optically bypassing the need fortransmitters 18 and receivers 20 at the intermediate nodes 16 _(i).Optical bypass at nodes 16 including switching devices 24 providestransparency through the node that allows all-optical expressconnections to be established between non-adjacent origin anddestination nodes in a network.

As depicted in FIG. 1, integrated switching device 24 can be deployed atorigination nodes 16 _(o) and destination nodes 16 _(d) withtransmitters 18 and receivers 20, respectively. The use of integratedswitching device 24 in this configuration allows for transmission andreception of signal channels λ_(si) without terminating the optical pathusing receivers 20 and transmitter 18 as is the case in point to pointlinks, as shown in FIG. 2. Thus, transmitters 18 in the originationnodes 16 _(o) can communicate with receivers 20 in via the optical paths14 through the integrated switching devices 24 without having to convertinformation between optical signals and electrical signals merely topass the information through the nodes 16.

It will be appreciated that signal channels that are switched onto acommon path by the switching devices 24 from different paths can havedifferent properties, such as optical signal to noise ratio. Conversely,signal channels entering the switching devices 24 from a common path andexiting the devices 24 via different paths may require that the signalchannels exit with different properties, such as power level. As such,signal channels may have different span loss/gain requirements ortolerances within the link 15.

The switching devices 24 can be configured to process individual signalchannels or signal channel groups including one or more signal channels.The switching devices 24 also can include various wavelength selectiveor non-selective switch elements, combiners 26, and distributors 28. Thetransmitters 18 and receivers 20 can be configured to transmit andreceive signal channels dynamically through the switch elements or in adedicated manner exclusive of the switch elements using variouscombiners 26 and distributors 28. The OADMs can include wavelengthreusable and non-reusable configurations. Similarly, the switchingdevices 24 can be configured to provide multi-cast capability, as wellas signal channel terminations.

The switching devices 24 can include various configurations of opticalcombiners 26 and distributors 28, such as multiplexers, demultiplexers,splitters, and couplers described below, in combination with variousswitch elements configured to pass or block the signals destined for thevarious other nodes 12 in a selective manner. The switching of thesignals can be performed at varying granularities, such as line, group,and channel switching, depending upon the degree of control desired inthe system 10.

The switch element can include wavelength selective or non-selectiveon/off gate switch elements, as well as variable optical attenuatorshaving suitable extinction ratios. The switch elements can includesingle and/or multiple path elements that use various techniques, suchas polarization control, interferometry, holography, etc. to perform theswitching and/or variable attenuation function. The switching devicescan be configured to perform various other functions, such as filtering,power equalization, dispersion compensation, telemetry, channelidentification, etc., in the system 10.

Various non-selective switch elements can be used in present invention,such as mechanical line, micro-mirror and other micro-electro-mechanicalsystems (“MEMS”), liquid crystal, holographic, bubble, magneto-optic,thermo-optic, acousto-optic, electro-optic (LiNbO₃), semiconductor,erbium doped fiber, etc. Alternatively, the switch elements can employfixed and tunable wavelength selective multi-port devices and filters,such as those described below. Exemplary switching devices 24 aredescribed in PCT Application No. PCT/US00/23051, which is incorporatedherein by reference.

Optical combiners 26 can be provided to combine optical signal channelsλ_(si) from different optical paths onto a common path, e.g. fiber.Likewise, optical distributors 28 can be provided to distribute opticalsignals from a common path to a plurality of different optical paths.The optical combiners 26 and distributors 28 can include wavelengthselective and non-selective (“passive”) fiber, planar, and free spacedevices, which can be polarization sensitive or insensitive. Passive orWDM couplers/splitters, circulators, dichroic devices, prisms, gratings,etc. can be used alone, or in combination with various tunable or fixed,high, low, or band pass or stop, transmissive or reflective filters,such as Bragg gratings, Fabry-Perot, Mach-Zehnder, and dichroic filters,etc. in various configurations of the optical combiners 28 anddistributors 28. Furthermore, the combiners 26 and distributors 28 caninclude one or more serial or parallel stages incorporating variousdevices to multiplex, demultiplex, and multicast signal wavelengthsλ_(si) in the optical systems 10.

As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, optical amplifiers 12 can be disposed alongthe transmission fiber 14 to overcome attenuation in the fiber 14 andproximate the optical processing nodes 16 to overcome loss associatedwith the nodes 16, as required. The optical system 10 can include one ormore amplifier types, such as various lumped and/or distributed dopedand/or non-linear fiber amplifiers, such as erbium and Raman amplifiers,that can be supplied locally and/or remotely with optical power, as wellas other amplifier types, e.g. semiconductor. The amplifiers 12 can bedeployed in serial and/or parallel stages 12 _(i) and in combinationwith filters, attenuators, isolators, dispersion compensating devices,and other signal varying devices, as well as add/drop and other opticalprocessing devices, disposed between amplifier stages 12 _(i) and beforeand/or after the amplifier 12. Examplary amplifiers 12 are described inU.S. Pat. No. 6,115,174, which is incorporated herein by reference.

In addition, the amplifiers 12 can be locally and/or remotely controlledusing various automatic gain and/or power control schemes depending uponthe configuration of the system 10. For example, U.S. Pat. No.6,236,487, which is incorporated herein by reference, describes variouslocal control schemes, as well as combination with remote controlschemes to control a chain of optical amplifiers.

As shown in FIG. 3, the optical amplifiers 12 generally include anoptical amplifying medium 30 supplied with power from an amplifier powersource 32. Optical signals passing the amplifying medium are opticallyamplified by the medium 30 using energy supplied from the power source32.

As shown in FIG. 4 and for the sake of clarity, the optical amplifier 12will be described further in terms of an amplifying fiber 34 suppliedwith power in the form of optical, or “pump”, energy from one or morepump sources 36. However, it will be appreciated that optical amplifiers12 including other amplifying media 30, i.e., semiconductor, etc., maybe substituted with appropriate modification, as previously mentioned.

The amplifying fiber 34 will generally be a doped fiber and/or a fibersuitable for producing non-linear interactions, such as stimulated Ramanscattering, that can be used to amplify optical signals. The opticalfiber 34 will be supplied with optical energy in one or more pumpwavelengths λ_(pi) that is used to amplify the signal wavelengths λ_(si)passing through the amplifying fiber 34. One or more dopants can be usedin the doped amplifying fiber 34, such as Er, other rare earth elements,e.g., Yb and Nd, as well as other dopants. The doped and Ramanamplifying fibers 34 can be distributed as part of the transmissionfiber 14, or concentrated/lumped at discrete amplifier sites, and can belocally or remotely pumped with optical energy.

The amplifying fiber 34 can have the same or different transmission andamplification characteristics than the transmission fiber 14. Forexample, dispersion compensating, zero and non-zero dispersion shifted,non-dispersion shifted (“standard”), polarization maintaining fiber andother fiber types can be intermixed as or with the transmission fiber 14depending upon the system configuration. Thus, the amplifying fiber 34can serve multiple purposes in the optical system, such as performingdispersion compensation and different levels of amplification of thesignal wavelengths λ_(i).

The pump source 36 can include one or more narrow band or broad bandoptical sources 38, each providing optical power in one or more pumpwavelength ranges designated by center pump wavelengths λ_(pi) andincluding one or more modes. The optical sources 38 can include bothcoherent and incoherent sources, which can be wavelength stabilized andcontrolled by providing, for example, a Bragg grating or otherwavelength selective, reflective element in a pig tail fiber of thesource. A portion of the pump power can be tapped to an O/E converterand an optical source controller employed to provide feedback controlover the optical source.

Various configurations of combiners 26, as previously described, can beused to combine pump wavelengths λ_(pi) for introduction in theamplifying fiber 34. Pump energy can be supplied to the amplifying fiber34, either counter-propagating and/or co-propagating with respect to thepropagation of the signal wavelengths λ_(i). It will be appreciated thatin a bi-directional amplifier 12, the pump wavelengths λ_(pi) will becounter-propagating relative to signal wavelengths λ_(si) in onedirection as well as co-propagating relative to signal wavelengthsλ_(si) in the other direction.

In the present invention, the gain of each individual amplifier 12 inthe link 15 is not adjusted to compensate for the loss in an associatedspan, i.e., Amplifier Gain≠Span Loss. In other words, various spans inthe system 10 are not operated at transparency, but with a net loss or anet gain depending upon whether the amplifier 12 provides gain that isgreater than or less than their respective span losses. However, theamplifiers 12 in the optical link 15 are operated, such that thecumulative gain of the amplifiers 12 compensates for the cumulative lossin the link 15. Unlike prior systems, each span in the present inventionis not operated transparently, but multiple spans are operated so thatthe cumulative span is operated transparently.

By allowing net gain and net loss variations in individual spans, butmaintaining cumulative transparency, over a plurality of spans, thesystem can be operated using optical amplifiers that provide differentlevels of amplifier and system performance, such as noise figure, gainmargin, and spectral gain profile, etc. For example, high gain, highnoise figure amplifiers can be replaced by lower gain, lower noisefigure amplifiers, which can improve the performance of the system. Netlosses incurred in spans, in which lower gain amplifiers were deployedcan be offset by operating one or more of the other amplifiers toprovide a net gain.

While various types of optical amplifiers can be used in the system aspreviously described, each type of amplifier does not have the same gainversus other amplifier performance characteristics, such as noisefigure, spectral gain profile, etc. For example, distributed amplifiersgenerally can provide a lower noise figure for a given amount of gainthan is provided using a concentrated amplifier, assuming comparablelevels of amplified spontaneous emissions are produced by bothamplifiers.

The operation of spans with net gain and loss effectively creates avirtual amplifier spacing, in which the gain of the amplifiers in theplural spans is based not on the actual span losses in a network.Instead, the gain of the amplifiers is established based on requiredcumulative gain required to overcome the cumulative span loss andvarious type of amplifiers and amplifier gain required to achieve adesired level of performance in the system.

In various embodiments, two or more of the optical amplifiers 12 in theoptical link 15 are operated such that the signal power at the output ofthe amplifier 12 varies from a nominal output signal power. Therespective spans are operated with net gains and losses, while the link15 is operated transparently and the signal power at the end of the link15 is equal to the nominal output signal power.

In the present invention, plural spans can be operated, such that thenominal signal power at the input to the plural spans can be differentfrom the nominal signal power at the output of the plural spans. Forexample, if optical signals are transmitted or launched at differentnominal signal power than the signal are received or otherwise processedor when varying fiber types are used. In those embodiments, cumulativetransparency is provided relative to the nominal signal input and outputpowers.

As shown in FIGS. 5 a and 5 b, the maximum and minimum signal channelpower varies from span to span. However, at span n, the signal power atthe output of the optical amplifier is at the nominal output signalpower to provide cumulative transparency through the plural spans.

As further shown in FIG. 5 b, in various embodiments, the cumulative netgain or loss can be established and monitored, if necessary, such thatthe cumulative net gain or loss is constrained between a maximum netgain and a maximum net loss range during transmission. The cumulativerange constraints can be used to prevent the signal powers from becomingtoo high or too low along any span during transmission, while cumulativetransparency is maintained at the end of the spans. The maximum net gainand maximum net loss values can be set based on various factors, such asoptical signal to noise ratio and non-linear interaction limits.

As shown in FIG. 6, in various embodiments employing multiple fibertypes, it is possible to vary the nominal output signal power dependingupon the fiber type. The present invention allows for net gain or loss.variations to be propagated through multiple fiber types to more evenlycontrol the signal power profile through a plurality ofspans/amplifiers.

While FIG. 5 a-6 depict signal channel power profile of a single oraverage channel along the span, it will be appreciated that each signalchannel λ_(i) being transmitted through the system 10 can have the sameor different profile as some or all of the other channels. For example,in some spans all channels can experience a net gain or net loss ofsignal power; whereas, in other spans, different channels can experiencenet gain, net loss, and transparent operation.

Cumulative transparency can be established as a condition to be achievedat the end of the link 15 or at some intermediate point in the link 15after a plural number of spans. Additional rules can be generated toconstrain the maximum number of spans over which a net gain and/or netloss can be maintained in the link 15.

In operation, signals at the output of each amplifier can be atdifferent power levels, which is contrary to prior art systems thatprovide for constant signal powers at the amplifier output. Eachamplifier 12 can be configured to operate at a fixed and programmablesignal output power set point, which can be manually or automaticallyset, either locally or remotely, such as via the NMS 24. The system 10also can be used with different fiber types that can support differentsignal power levels within the system 10.

In practice, cumulative transparency can be taken into account in thedesign of the system 10. For example, it may be more desirable to placehigher gain amplifiers in some spans to allow lower gain amplifiers inother spans. Likewise, various types of amplifiers 12, such asconcentrated and distributed doped and Raman fiber amplifiers, can bedeployed effectively to provide cumulative transparency, but notnecessarily transparency over every span, or “span transparency”.

In addition, the present invention can be used to ameliorate the effectsof amplifier failures in the system. For example, the failure of one ormore pump sources providing energy to optical amplifying media canresult in degraded performance of the amplifier and overall net loss forthe span or spans in which the failures occur. In the present invention,the non-failed amplifiers can provide additional redundancy to offsetthe failure by being configured to operate the corresponding spans at anet gain, and, thereby maintain cumulative transparency over pluralspans and/or the link.

In various embodiments, the gain provided by each amplifier can becontrolled locally using various gain and power control schemes. Inaddition, control over multiple spans can be provided to allow the gainor power set points to be reconfigured manually or automatically vialocal or remote network management to adjust for variations in theperformance of plural spans, so as to maintain cumulative transparencyin the system 10.

Generally, the network management system 22 provides for management atthe network element level and at the network level. The networkmanagement system 22 can include software that is run on dedicated orshared processors provided in, for example, stand-alone or networkcomputers, such as at the network or network element level, that accessthe software on a fixed or removable dedicated or shared memory or datastorage devices, such as compact or floppy discs, hard drives, read-onlymemory, etc. In addition, the NMS 22 can include software that isresident in a central processor memory and executed by the centralprocessor, such as in network elements.

The present invention can be implemented using software implemented atvarious levels in the network management system 22. For example, thenetwork management system 22 can include a network planning softwareapplication that determines the amplifier gain required for amplifier 12provided along the plural spans being planned based on the cumulativeloss calculated from the individual span losses. To further the example,the network planning application can specify the type of amplifier 12 toinstall in the network to provide a desired level of performance andcost based on the individual and cumulative span losses. The selectionof amplifiers 12 can be governed by various rules pertaining to thenominal signal powers, maximum net gain, maximum net loss, etc.

Generally, the NMS 22 can include a computer readable medium thatcontains a set of instruction that when executed adjusts the gainsamplifier of the optical amplifiers provided along the spans tocompensate for the cumulative loss in the plurality of spans. Inaddition, the NMS 22 can adjust the gain of at least two of the opticalamplifiers to provide net gain and/or net loss in those individualspans. The instructions can be executable from the network elementand/or the network levels. For example, the nodes 16 can include NMS 22processors that controls the gain set points for some or all of theamplifiers 12 in the links 15 connecting to the nodes 16. In addition,the nodes 16 can send instructions to processors in the individualamplifiers via a system supervisory channel to perform the amplifiergain adjustments.

The impact of cumulative transparency in an all-optical network,sub-network, or nodal connection will depend upon the variations insignal characteristics of the signal channels travelling diverse paths.In various embodiments, the maximum net loss of a span can be definedbased on various characteristics, OSNR, accumulated dispersion,non-linear interactions, etc., as the signal channels traverse theall-optical portion of the network.

Cumulative transparency can be extended from a signal channel originnode 160 to the destination node 16 _(d) through one or more transparentintermediate nodes 16 _(i), when all-optical switching devices 24 aredeployed in the intermediate nodes 16 _(i). Cumulative transparency canbe applied on any number of bases from individual channels up to allchannels in the system 10 over two or more spans within a link or one ormore links.

Unlike point to point link embodiments, in which links are defined bythe origination and termination of optical signals, cumulativetransparency can be defined between any two points in the network. Whencumulative transparency is defined over multiple links, each link may beoperated at a net gain or net loss depending upon the characteristics ofthe links. For example, links that include larger core fibers may beoperated at higher signal channel powers than links containing smallercore fibers. As such, the signal channel power launched into one linkmay be different from the signal channel power exiting the link andentering another link. Alternatively, the signal channel power can exitthe fiber at the same power as it was launched, but the node 16 can beoperated at a different power level than any of the links connected tothe node 16.

It will be appreciated that the present invention provides for opticalsystems with improved performance. Those of ordinary skill in the artwill further appreciate that numerous modifications and variations thatcan be made to specific aspects of the present invention withoutdeparting from the scope of the present invention. It is intended thatthe foregoing specification and the following claims cover suchmodifications and variations.

1-27. (canceled)
 28. An optical system comprising: at least onetransmitter; at least one receiver; and, a plurality of opticalamplifiers discretely disposed along a an optical path between the atleast one transmitter and the at least one receiver to providecumulative gain that substantially compensate for a cumulative loss ofthe optical path, wherein the optical amplifiers include at least afirst optical amplifier in a first span in the path having a first spanloss that exceeds the first maximum gain and at least a second opticalamplifier remote from the first optical amplifier in a second spanhaving a second span loss, and the second optical amplifier providesgain that substantially compensates for the second span loss and thedifference between the first span loss and the first maximum gain. 29.The system of claim 28, wherein the optical amplifiers are spaced atleast 10 km apart along the link.
 30. The system of claim 28, whereinthe optical amplifiers are spaced at least 40 km apart along the link.31. The system of claim 28, wherein the first optical amplifiers aredistributed Raman amplifiers.
 32. The system of claim 28, wherein thesecond optical amplifiers include a hybrid distributed Raman amplifiersat least one of a lumped EDFA and a lumped Raman amplifier.
 33. Thesystem of claim 28, wherein the second optical amplifiers include alumped EDFA.